Golden powers represent a legal instrument of public economic governance that reflects the balance between market freedom and the protection of strategic national interests. They are grounded not only in national legislation but also in the European framework, in particular in EU Regulation 2019/452 on the screening of foreign investments. Golden powers constitute a distinctive form of public intervention, sometimes defined as the ‘customs state’, with effects on competition and the market; the exercise of these powers unfolds across multiple levels, arising from the interaction between European legislation and national regulations. The procedures governing golden powers are specialised, characterised by broad governmental discretion and a complex preliminary investigation phase. Both in legal theory and case law, the prevailing view is that they constitute administrative acts involving a high degree of discretion, albeit with strong political implications; the review by the administrative court is not full but limited, focusing on reasonableness and proportionality. Tensions remain with the principles of the rule of law and with ordinary procedural safeguards. Ultimately, golden powers represent a dynamic model of regulation that redefines the relationship between the state and the market without leading to a single, systematic classification.
I golden powers rappresentano uno strumento giuridico di governo pubblico dell’economia che riflette l’equilibrio tra libertà di mercato e tutela degli interessi strategici nazionali. Essi trovano fondamento, oltre che nella disciplina nazionale, nel quadro europeo, in particolare nel Regolamento UE 2019/452 sul controllo degli investimenti esteri. I poteri dorati configurano una forma peculiare di intervento pubblico, definita talvolta come “Stato doganiere”, con effetti sulla concorrenza e sul mercato e l'esercizio di tali poteri si dispiega in una dimensione multilivello, derivando dall’interazione tra normativa europea e discipline nazionali. Le procedure che assistono i golden powers sono speciali caratterizzate da ampia discrezionalità governativa e da una fase istruttoria complessa. Sul piano tanto dottrinale quanto giurisprudenziali, prevale l’orientamento che li qualifica come atti amministrativi al alta discrezionalità, pur con forti implicazioni politiche ed il sindacato del giudice amministrativo non è pieno bensì limitato e si concentra su ragionevolezza e proporzionalità. Permangono tensioni con i principi dello Stato di diritto e con le garanzie procedimentali ordinarie. In definitiva, i golden powers rappresentano un modello dinamico di regolazione che ridefinisce il rapporto tra Stato e mercato senza giungere a una qualificazione sistematica univoca.
Mulazzani, G. (2026). La natura e i limiti dei golden powers nell’ambito del complesso rapporto tra Stato e mercato. MUNUS, 3, 593-616 [10.26321/munus/3_2025].
La natura e i limiti dei golden powers nell’ambito del complesso rapporto tra Stato e mercato.
Giovanni Mulazzani
2026
Abstract
Golden powers represent a legal instrument of public economic governance that reflects the balance between market freedom and the protection of strategic national interests. They are grounded not only in national legislation but also in the European framework, in particular in EU Regulation 2019/452 on the screening of foreign investments. Golden powers constitute a distinctive form of public intervention, sometimes defined as the ‘customs state’, with effects on competition and the market; the exercise of these powers unfolds across multiple levels, arising from the interaction between European legislation and national regulations. The procedures governing golden powers are specialised, characterised by broad governmental discretion and a complex preliminary investigation phase. Both in legal theory and case law, the prevailing view is that they constitute administrative acts involving a high degree of discretion, albeit with strong political implications; the review by the administrative court is not full but limited, focusing on reasonableness and proportionality. Tensions remain with the principles of the rule of law and with ordinary procedural safeguards. Ultimately, golden powers represent a dynamic model of regulation that redefines the relationship between the state and the market without leading to a single, systematic classification.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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