Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): XXXIII. The first catalogue of strong-lensing galaxy clusters

We present the first catalogue of strong-lensing galaxy clusters identified in the Euclid Quick Release 1 observations (covering 63.1‚ÄÜdeg2). This catalogue is the result of the visual inspection of 1260 Euclid image cutouts of previously identified galaxy clusters. Each galaxy cluster was assigned a lensing score, ùí´lens, derived from the aggregated votes of multiple visual inspectors, the majority of whom possess extensive expertise in strong gravitational lensing. Votes were assigned based on the assessed credibility and plausibility of the identified strong-lensing features. Specifically, we identified 83 gravitational lenses with ùí´lens‚ÄÑ>‚ÄÑ0.5, of which 14 have ùí´lens‚ÄÑ=‚ÄÑ1 and clearly exhibit secure strong-lensing features, such as giant tangential and radial arcs, and multiple images. Considering the measured number density of lensing galaxy clusters, approximately 0.3‚ÄÜdeg‚àí2 for ùí´lens‚ÄÑ>‚ÄÑ0.9, we predict that Euclid will likely observe more than 4500 strong-lensing clusters over the course of the mission. Notably, only three of the identified cluster-scale lenses had previously been observed from space. Thus, Euclid has provided the first high-resolution imaging for the remaining 80 strong-lensing galaxy cluster candidates, including those with the highest scores. The identified strong-lensing features will be used to train deep-learning models to automatically identify gravitational arcs and multiple images in the Euclid observations. This study confirms the great potential of Euclid for finding new strong-lensing clusters, enabling exciting new discoveries on the nature of dark matter and dark energy and the study of the high-redshift Universe.