Euclid: Early Release Observations - Internal kinematics and the convective-transition gap of NGC 6397: High-precision multiple-pass photometry and astrometry

We present a 'multiple-pass' data-reduction tool designed for Euclid, based on software developed for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), which improves the astrometric and photometric precision for faint sources and in crowded fields. In this work, we apply it to Euclid Early Release Observations of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 6397. By combining our new catalogue with archival HST data, separated by a time span of approximately 20 years, we were able to measure high-precision proper motions and investigate the radial variations in the energy equipartition and velocity anisotropy of the cluster. The combination of deep and wide-field observations also allowed us to derive the present-day local mass function of NGC 6397 and to study the radial dependence of mass segregation and binary fraction. Finally, we report the discovery of a subtle under-density of stars in the colour-magnitude diagram of NGC 6397 around a stellar mass of 0.35 M-circle dot with a more than 5 sigma confidence level. This feature is consistent with the Gaia M-dwarf gap discovered in Galactic field stars, but it has never previously been observed in a globular cluster. The gap is caused by the onset of full convection in stellar interiors. We demonstrate that the properties of the gap provide tight constraints on the distance to NGC 6397 and its intrinsic metallicity dispersion, offering a new benchmark for stellar evolution models.