Which steps have we already taken, and which steps do we still have to take, on the road towards the artificial pancreas

he development of the artificial pancreas has progressed substantially through advances in continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pump therapy, and glucose data interpretation. Although these technologies have significantly improved diabetes management, important challenges remain, including sensor accuracy, insulin absorption kinetics, and the development of reliable closed-loop control algorithms. Integration of these components is essential to achieve safe and effective automated insulin delivery. Further technological innovation and clinical validation are required before the artificial pancreas can become a routine therapeutic option for people with type 1 diabetes.