Soltaniyeh was established as the summer capital of the Ilkhanid Empire in northern Iran in the late 13th century. Strategically located along the Silk Road connecting Tabriz with the central Iranian plateau, the city featured a royal citadel fortified by massive walls and surrounded by numerous public buildings centered around the royal palace. The most remarkable of these monuments is the octagonal Mausoleum of Öljeitü, constructed between 1302 and 1312. Boasting the largest double-shell brick dome in the Middle East, with a diameter of 25 meters, it quickly became the city's defining symbol. Soltaniyeh gained widespread recognition, described extensively by both local and European writers, and hosted a significant Italian community, including a Catholic bishop alongside Franciscan and Dominican convents. Following the collapse of the Ilkhanid Empire in 1335, spurred by the arrival of the Black Death and the rise of the Timurids, Soltaniyeh’s prominence diminished, transforming from an imperial capital to a local village confined within the royal citadel's boundaries. Despite this decline, its fame endured in Western records, appearing prominently in maps such as the Catalan Atlas (c. 1375) and Fra Mauro’s map (c. 1450), and the mausoleum’s magnificent dome continued to attract travelers along the Silk Road. From the late 19th century onward, archaeologists and architects began studying its unique architectural features. It wasn’t until the mid-20th century that Italian restoration teams undertook extensive excavations of the citadel and restored the mausoleum and its surrounding monuments. These efforts ultimately paved the way for Soltaniyeh’s inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list.

Soltaniyeh fu fondata come capitale estiva dell’Impero ilkhanide nel nord dell’Iran alla fine del XIII secolo. Situata in posizione strategica lungo la Via della Seta, che collegava Tabriz con l’altopiano iranico centrale, la città era caratterizzata da una cittadella reale fortificata da possenti mura e circondata da numerosi edifici pubblici, organizzati attorno al palazzo reale. Il monumento più notevole è il Mausoleo ottagonale di Öljaitü, costruito tra il 1302 e il 1312. Dotato della più grande cupola in laterizio a doppia calotta del Medio Oriente, con un diametro di 25 metri, esso divenne rapidamente il simbolo distintivo della città. Soltaniyeh godette di ampia notorietà, venne descritta diffusamente da autori locali ed europei e ospitò una significativa comunità italiana, comprendente un vescovo cattolico nonché conventi francescani e domenicani. Dopo il crollo dell’Impero ilkhanide nel 1335, determinato dall’arrivo della Peste Nera e dall’ascesa dei Timuridi, l’importanza di Soltaniyeh diminuì, trasformandosi da capitale imperiale in un villaggio locale confinato entro i limiti della cittadella reale. Nonostante questo declino, la sua fama perdurò nelle fonti occidentali, dove compare in modo rilevante in carte come l’Atlante catalano (ca. 1375) e la mappa di Fra Mauro (ca. 1450), e la magnifica cupola del mausoleo continuò ad attirare i viaggiatori lungo la Via della Seta. A partire dalla fine del XIX secolo, archeologi e architetti iniziarono a studiarne le straordinarie caratteristiche architettoniche. Solo nella metà del XX secolo, tuttavia, squadre italiane di restauratori intrapresero ampie campagne di scavo della cittadella e il restauro del mausoleo e dei monumenti circostanti. Questi interventi aprirono infine la strada all’inclusione di Soltaniyeh nella Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale dell’UNESCO.

Vigotti, L. (2026). La città di Soltaniyeh nell’Iran settentrionale. OPUS, 10, 97-116.

La città di Soltaniyeh nell’Iran settentrionale

lorenzo vigotti
Primo
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
2026

Abstract

Soltaniyeh was established as the summer capital of the Ilkhanid Empire in northern Iran in the late 13th century. Strategically located along the Silk Road connecting Tabriz with the central Iranian plateau, the city featured a royal citadel fortified by massive walls and surrounded by numerous public buildings centered around the royal palace. The most remarkable of these monuments is the octagonal Mausoleum of Öljeitü, constructed between 1302 and 1312. Boasting the largest double-shell brick dome in the Middle East, with a diameter of 25 meters, it quickly became the city's defining symbol. Soltaniyeh gained widespread recognition, described extensively by both local and European writers, and hosted a significant Italian community, including a Catholic bishop alongside Franciscan and Dominican convents. Following the collapse of the Ilkhanid Empire in 1335, spurred by the arrival of the Black Death and the rise of the Timurids, Soltaniyeh’s prominence diminished, transforming from an imperial capital to a local village confined within the royal citadel's boundaries. Despite this decline, its fame endured in Western records, appearing prominently in maps such as the Catalan Atlas (c. 1375) and Fra Mauro’s map (c. 1450), and the mausoleum’s magnificent dome continued to attract travelers along the Silk Road. From the late 19th century onward, archaeologists and architects began studying its unique architectural features. It wasn’t until the mid-20th century that Italian restoration teams undertook extensive excavations of the citadel and restored the mausoleum and its surrounding monuments. These efforts ultimately paved the way for Soltaniyeh’s inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list.
2026
Vigotti, L. (2026). La città di Soltaniyeh nell’Iran settentrionale. OPUS, 10, 97-116.
Vigotti, Lorenzo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1064253
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