An Artificial Molecular Pump Powered by Light

Replicating the ability of biological systems to convert energy into directional molecular motion to perform functions is a central challenge in nanoscience. Artificial molecular pumps that can move substrates energetically uphill remain elusive, particularly when powered by light in an autonomous fashion. We report a molecular pump that uses light to actively transfer macrocycles from solution into a high-energy intramolecular compartment. The system operates via a photon-driven energy ratchet mechanism, sustaining a non-equilibrium distribution of species under continuous irradiation. All relevant kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined, and a comprehensive mechanistic model was developed. This minimalistic and robust design establishes a foundation for fully synthetic light-controlled non-equilibrium systems with potential applications in adaptive materials and solar energy conversion.