AI Act, figure soggettive nella catena di valore dell’intelligenza artificiale e tutela delle affected persons

This essay critically examines the subjective entities defined by the European Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act) within the value chain of artificial intelligence. Particular emphasis is placed on the centrality of the anthropocentric approach, which expressly excludes the legal subjectification of AI systems. The analysis highlights the roles and obligations of the subjective entities (providers, deployers, authorised representatives, importers, and distributors) within the AI Act’s regulatory framework, as well as the absence of a comprehensive legal status for “affected persons” and the necessity of establishing one. The discussion addresses the indirect guarantees and remedies provided for affected persons under the AI Act, primarily through public enforcement law tools, and considers how their legal protection and rights could and should be strengthened in the future, in light of recent international initiatives such as the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law.