Deep learning and geometric deep learning: An introduction for mathematicians and physicists

In this expository paper, we want to give a brief introduction, with few key references for further reading, to the inner functioning of the new and successful algorithms of Deep Learning and Geometric Deep Learning with a focus on Graph Neural Networks. We go over the key ingredients for these algorithms: the score and loss function and we explain the main steps for the training of a model. We do not aim to give a complete and exhaustive treatment, but we isolate few concepts to give a fast introduction to the subject. We provide some appendices to complement our treatment discussing Kullback-Leibler divergence, regression, Multi-layer Perceptrons and the Universal Approximation theorem.