Companion modelling for energy transition: A participatory approach to design positive energy districts in Mediterranean cities

Climate change poses a significant threat to human well-being, making it imperative to transition from the current polluting energy model to one that aligns with the planet's ecological limits. As highlighted by numerous experts and practitioners, engaging local communities in the planning of urban infrastructure and services is essential for accelerating their deployment and fostering public acceptance. However, implementing participa-tory processes, especially around technical topics like energy, remains a significant challenge. This underscores the urgent need for practical tools, methods, and strategies that can effectively guide public involvement throughout the various phases of local energy planning, such as in the development of positive energy districts (PEDs). This research seeks to address this gap by proposing an innovative participatory process designed to enhance public engagement during the modelling phase of PEDs, following the companion modelling approach. The study is structured around three key objectives. First, it establishes a theoretical framework for public participation in PED modelling, identifying good practices and effective methods. Second, it presents a novel methodology, built on existing approaches, for participatory modelling of PEDs in Mediterranean cities. Finally, it introduces a three- session participatory process that immerses stakeholders in the transformation of their district, fostering a deeper understanding and ownership of the proposed changes.