Complications of Carbon Dioxide Angiography in Endovascular Aortic Repair: A Review of Current Literature

To the reduce the use of iodinated contrast medium (ICM), carbon dioxide (CO2) has emerged as an alternative for digital subtraction angiography in endovascular procedures particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease or known allergy to ICM. Carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography (CO2-DSA) reduces the risk of post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI), a well recognised concern in ICM based radiological procedures, that although irrelevant for the majority of patients, may be significant for patients with pre-existing factors favouring PC-AKI.