This paper aims to bridge the ethical and constitutional perspectives on nudging to shape a framework for assessing the legality of behavioral interventions in contemporary constitutional states. The first part outlines the broad ethical debate surrounding nudging, clarifying the terms in which ethical and political philosophers have traditionally criticized it. Particular attention is given to competing conceptions of autonomy in the literature and to the distinct normative status of informative nudges. The second part explores which ethical critiques can be translated into a constitutional argument. The authors argue that nudges operating within rights-protected areas – where strong conceptions of autonomy have been codified – should be treated as interferences requiring compelling constitutional justification. They further propose that well-established legal tools, such as the proportionality test, must be reinterpreted to account for the specific nature of nudging. Finally, drawing on constitutional traditions, the paper advances the idea that a broader critique of nudging can be grounded in the principle of equality, given the structurally unequal effects of nudges depending on the individual characteristics of those targeted – an issue largely undertheorized in both ethical and legal debates.
L’articolo combina la prospettiva etico-giusfilosofica a quella costituzionalistica per offrire un contributo alla definizione di un framework di valutazione della legalità dei nudge negli Stati costituzionali contemporanei. A tal fine, la prima parte ricostruisce l’ampio dibattito etico sul nudging, chiarendo i termini in cui la riflessione morale e filosofico-giuridica lo ha generalmente criticato. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alle diverse concezioni di autonomia presenti nella letteratura e allo specifico statuto normativo dei nudge informativi. La seconda parte esplora quali problemi etici possano essere riconfigurati come questioni costituzionali. Gli autori sostengono anzitutto che i nudge operanti in aree protette da diritti – in cui sono state positivizzate concezioni forti di autonomia – dovrebbero essere trattati come interferenze che richiedono una giustificazione costituzionale. In questo contesto, inoltre, anche dottrine consolidate, come il test di proporzionalità, dovrebbero essere ristrutturate per tenere conto della specifica natura del nudging. Infine, dato che i nudge tendono ad avere una efficacia in concreto disuguale a seconda delle condizioni personali dei destinatari, è avanzata l’idea, finora poco esplorata in letteratura, che alcuni limiti costituzionali più generali al nudging possano essere derivati dal principio di eguaglianza.
Bresciani, P.F., Zullo, S. (2025). Governing by Nudging: A Critical Inquiry into Liberty and Equality. DIRITTO & QUESTIONI PUBBLICHE, SP2026, 1-22.
Governing by Nudging: A Critical Inquiry into Liberty and Equality
Pier Francesco Bresciani;Silvia Zullo
2025
Abstract
This paper aims to bridge the ethical and constitutional perspectives on nudging to shape a framework for assessing the legality of behavioral interventions in contemporary constitutional states. The first part outlines the broad ethical debate surrounding nudging, clarifying the terms in which ethical and political philosophers have traditionally criticized it. Particular attention is given to competing conceptions of autonomy in the literature and to the distinct normative status of informative nudges. The second part explores which ethical critiques can be translated into a constitutional argument. The authors argue that nudges operating within rights-protected areas – where strong conceptions of autonomy have been codified – should be treated as interferences requiring compelling constitutional justification. They further propose that well-established legal tools, such as the proportionality test, must be reinterpreted to account for the specific nature of nudging. Finally, drawing on constitutional traditions, the paper advances the idea that a broader critique of nudging can be grounded in the principle of equality, given the structurally unequal effects of nudges depending on the individual characteristics of those targeted – an issue largely undertheorized in both ethical and legal debates.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


