A double Matthew effect? Income and territorial inequalities in 0–2 ECEC uptake: Italy and Sweden compared

Purpose This article explores income and territorial inequalities in the uptake of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services for children aged 0–2 in two contrasting welfare contexts, Italy and Sweden. It investigates whether these dimensions intersect to create a double Matthew effect, whereby the most disadvantaged households face compounded barriers to access. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on cross-sectional EU-SILC data (2010–2019) and focuses on working-age couples (18–64) with at least one child under age three. Logistic, linear and median regression models are used to examine patterns of ECEC usage across income levels and urban-rural divides. Findings In both countries, income is consistently associated with differential ECEC uptake, with poor households showing reduced access, suggesting a Matthew effect. In Italy, affordability likely plays a key role, as co-payment mechanisms and limited financial support may pose greater constraints for poorer families. In Sweden, income disparities appear intertwined with migrant status, possibly influencing enrolment decisions and preferences for cash-for-care schemes. Territorial gaps are evident in Italy, where non-urban households face lower access, likely due to uneven service availability. This urban-rural divide is less marked in Sweden, where measures like parental cooperatives may partially offset spatial disparities. When combining income and territory, a clear double penalty emerges in Italy. In Sweden, this interaction is less pronounced, but income-based disadvantages persist in non-urban areas. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature by showing that multidimensional inequalities in 0–2 ECEC access are not limited to Southern Europe. It also points to signs of weakening universalism in traditionally egalitarian welfare systems.