Measurement of the nonlinear diffusion of the proton beam halo at the CERN LHC

In circular particle accelerators, storage rings, or colliders, mitigating beam losses is critical to ensuring optimal performance, particularly for rings that include superconducting magnets. A thorough understanding of beam halo dynamics is essential for this purpose. This paper presents recent results for the measurement of the nonlinear diffusion process of the beam halo at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The novel approach used in this paper is based on the analytical framework of the Nekhoroshev theorem, which provides a functional form for the diffusion coefficient. By monitoring the beam loss signal during controlled movements of the collimator jaws, we determine the beam losses at equilibrium for various amplitudes and analyse the beam halo distribution. Postprocessing of these measurements provides the nonlinear diffusion coefficient, which is found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical assumptions. Measurements from an experiment investigating the effectiveness of beam-beam compensation using beam-beam compensation wires also provide a direct assessment of the compensation's effectiveness on beam-tail diffusion.