Kiwifruit vine decline syndrome and other emerging and re-emerging biosecurity challenges

The agricultural sector faces ongoing global challenges posed by emerging plant diseases, threatening the sustainability and productivity of important crops. In Italy, the kiwifruit industry has witnessed the emergence of the kiwifruit vine decline syndrome (KVDS), characterized by a rapid and severe decline leading to vine collapse within a short timeframe from symptoms emergence. KVDS affects both Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. deliciosa, particularly in areas with soil conditions prone to waterlogging or poor aeration, suggesting a physiological component to the disorder. Recent research has shed light on the potential role of the rhizosphere microbial community in KVDS development, with discernible differences observed between healthy and affected plants. These findings suggest a dysbiosis condition in the rhizosphere, contributing to the manifestation of KVDS, particularly in plants with chronically stressed root systems. In addition, the agricultural sector worldwide is facing the emergence of several other novel plant diseases and pests which spread is facilitated by climate changes and globalization, thus posing significant threats to crop production and food security. Therefore, there is an urgent need for proactive surveillance, research, and management strategies to address the complexities of emerging plant diseases and safeguard agricultural systems against future threats.