Autonomous Artificial Molecular Motors and Pumps

Over the past decade there has been a tremendous development of systems capable to autonomously convert energy, in particular light and chemical, into directed motion at the nanoscale. These nanoscopic devices are called molecular motors. The autonomous operation of artificial molecular motors and pumps under constant experimental conditions represents a key achievement to their implementation into more sophisticated networks. Nonetheless, the principles behind successful autonomous operation are only recently being rationalized. Within this review we focus on the fundamental aspects that enable the autonomous operation of molecular motors exploiting light and chemical energy. We also compare the mechanisms of operation with these two energy sources and highlight the common ground of these systems as well as their differences and specificities by discussing a selection of recent examples in the two classes. Finally, we provide a perspective view on future advances in this exciting research area.