Beyond the Museum: Virtual and Physical Replicas of Pompeii’s Siege Marks

This study investigates the potential of reality-based 3D digital modeling, acquired for scientific purposes, to enhance the understanding and accessibility of ballistic imprints on Pompeii’s city walls. These impact marks, attributed to the Sullan siege of 89 BC, were caused by projectiles launched by Roman elastic torsion weapons. High-resolution models were acquired through integrated 3D survey techniques to create both virtual and physical replicas. These assets enhance museum accessibility, offering interactive digital content and tactile 3D-printed replicas for visually impaired and mobility-restricted visitors. The findings highlight the role of digital heritage in archaeological research, conservation, and public engagement, bridging the gap between academic study and inclusive cultural dissemination.