At the age of fifty, after escaping the poverty of his English youth and participating in Amer- ican independence as a founding father who would be repudiated, Paine sailed from New York Harbor to Paris on April 26, 1787. His pamphlet Rights of Man (1791-1792) threw a political bridge between the two sides of the Atlantic to support the replication of the American Revolution against the Old-World monarchies: ideally throwing a bridge involved innovating the European political vocabulary in light of the American experiment. The doctrine of natural equality and popular sovereignty, the democratic conception of the constitution and representative govern- ment, which he had elaborated overseas, were thus taken up and deepened. At the same time, the failure to replicate the revolution in Britain and the French revolutionary vicissitude showed that Europe was not America. While in Great Britain the revolutionary attempt to convene a con- vention to draft a constitution was immediately prevented, France seemed unable to end the revolution, draft a constitution and build a democracy based on representation. Even though in 1789 Abbot Sieyès had argued for the necessity of the representative system by declaring di- rect democracy impossible, the rejection of representation that Rousseau had theorized in 1762 with the Contract Social decisively influenced the French Revolution by leading to a continuous dispute between those who represented and those who were represented. The crisis of repre- sentation and the consequent impossibility of democracy constituted the problematic core of the French Revolution, in light of which Paine questioned what he had argued in Rights of Man in order to build a political bridge between the two sides of the Atlantic. In the pamphlet The Agrar- ian Justice (1797), Paine shifted the focus from politics to society to explain the failure to rep- licate the American Revolution in Europe considering the conceptual change that the notions of society, commerce, and civilization were undergoing as a result of the revolutionary event. Investigating society to understand politics served to build a new bridge across the Atlantic and overcome the historical and theoretical divide that distanced America and Europe.

All’età di cinquant’anni, dopo essere sfuggito alla povertà della sua gioventù inglese e aver partecipato all’indipendenza americana come un padre fondatore che sarebbe stato rinne- gato, il 26 aprile 1787 Paine salpò dal porto di New York per raggiungere Parigi. Il suo Rights of Man (1791-1792) gettava un ponte politico fra le due sponde dell’Atlantico per sostenere la replica della Rivoluzione americana contro le monarchie del vecchio mondo: gettare ideal- mente un ponte implicava innovare il vocabolario politico europeo alla luce dell’esperimento americano. La dottrina dell’uguaglianza naturale e della sovranità popolare, la concezione democratica della costituzione e del governo rappresentativo, che aveva elaborato oltreocea- no, vennero dunque riprese e approfondite. Nello stesso tempo, la mancata replica della ri- voluzione in Gran Bretagna e la vicenda rivoluzionaria francese mostravano che l’Europa non era l’America. Mentre oltre Manica il tentativo rivoluzionario di convocare una convenzione per redigere la costituzione venne sconfitto sul nascere, la Francia non sembrava in grado di uscire dalla rivoluzione, redigere la costituzione e costruire una democrazia fondata sulla rappresentanza. Nonostante nel 1789 l’abate Sieyès avesse sostenuto la necessità del sistema rappresentativo dichiarando impossibile la democrazia diretta, il rifiuto della rappresentan- za che Rousseau aveva teorizzato nel 1762 con il Contract Social influenzò in modo decisivo la Rivoluzione francese determinando una continua disputa tra chi rappresentava e chi era rappresentato. La crisi della rappresentanza e la conseguente impossibilità della democrazia costituivano il nucleo problematico della vicenda rivoluzionaria francese, alla luce del quale Paine metteva in discussione quanto aveva sostenuto in Rights of Man per gettare un ponte politico fra le due sponde dell’oceano. Nel pamphlet The Agrarian Justice (1797) Paine spostava l’attenzione dalla politica alla società per spiegare la mancata replica della Rivoluzione americana in Europa alla luce del cambiamento concettuale che le parole società, commercio e civilizzazione stavano subendo in seguito alla vicenda rivoluzionaria. Investigare la società per comprendere la politica serviva per gettare un nuovo ponte sull’Atlantico e superare lo spartiacque storico e teorico che allontanava America ed Europa.

Battistini, M. (2025). A Revolution in the State of Civilization: democrazia e società commerciale nel mondo atlantico di Thomas Paine. GIORNALE DI STORIA COSTITUZIONALE, 49(1), 15-29.

A Revolution in the State of Civilization: democrazia e società commerciale nel mondo atlantico di Thomas Paine

BATTISTINI, MATTEO
2025

Abstract

At the age of fifty, after escaping the poverty of his English youth and participating in Amer- ican independence as a founding father who would be repudiated, Paine sailed from New York Harbor to Paris on April 26, 1787. His pamphlet Rights of Man (1791-1792) threw a political bridge between the two sides of the Atlantic to support the replication of the American Revolution against the Old-World monarchies: ideally throwing a bridge involved innovating the European political vocabulary in light of the American experiment. The doctrine of natural equality and popular sovereignty, the democratic conception of the constitution and representative govern- ment, which he had elaborated overseas, were thus taken up and deepened. At the same time, the failure to replicate the revolution in Britain and the French revolutionary vicissitude showed that Europe was not America. While in Great Britain the revolutionary attempt to convene a con- vention to draft a constitution was immediately prevented, France seemed unable to end the revolution, draft a constitution and build a democracy based on representation. Even though in 1789 Abbot Sieyès had argued for the necessity of the representative system by declaring di- rect democracy impossible, the rejection of representation that Rousseau had theorized in 1762 with the Contract Social decisively influenced the French Revolution by leading to a continuous dispute between those who represented and those who were represented. The crisis of repre- sentation and the consequent impossibility of democracy constituted the problematic core of the French Revolution, in light of which Paine questioned what he had argued in Rights of Man in order to build a political bridge between the two sides of the Atlantic. In the pamphlet The Agrar- ian Justice (1797), Paine shifted the focus from politics to society to explain the failure to rep- licate the American Revolution in Europe considering the conceptual change that the notions of society, commerce, and civilization were undergoing as a result of the revolutionary event. Investigating society to understand politics served to build a new bridge across the Atlantic and overcome the historical and theoretical divide that distanced America and Europe.
2025
Battistini, M. (2025). A Revolution in the State of Civilization: democrazia e società commerciale nel mondo atlantico di Thomas Paine. GIORNALE DI STORIA COSTITUZIONALE, 49(1), 15-29.
Battistini, Matteo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1015771
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