Can lead content be measured by handheld X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to meet REACH regulation?

Lead compounds have long been the most commonly used stabilizers for PVC products, but they are classified as toxic to reproduction category 1A, and their use is restricted in Europe. To promote recycling, the European Union adopted Regulation (EU) 2023/923, which permits the use of recycled rigid PVC (PVC-U) containing up to 1.5% w/w of lead in specific products. This study compares the results obtained from two different handheld X-Ray Fluorescence (HHXRF) devices on samples with known composition, also considering the matrix effect. This kind of evaluation is still missing in the literature. The measurements from both HHXRF devices show that the lead content falls within the 13% of relative inaccuracy range specified for lead in IEC 62321-3-1:2013, the standard currently used for determining lead in electrotechnical products. To assess whether the matrix effect can influence the measurements, two samples were produced by altering only the content of titanium dioxide. The results from both instruments were not significantly different, considering the 13% inaccuracy. In conclusion, HHXRF could be an effective method to determine the lead concentration in its usual dosage in the PVC-U matrix. In case of inconclusive results based on this range, it is recommended to analyze the sample with another, more accurate technique, such as ICP.