Investigating gender dynamics in forensic toxicology: The role of masculinity and femininity in alcohol and drug abuse

The concept of “gender” refers to the socially constructed characteristics that define feminine or masculine behavior, which are constantly changing and can influence access to healthcare and patterns of help-seeking. These factors significantly impact forensic toxicology, a key area within the medicolegal landscape, forcing the adoption of a gender-sensitive approach to better understand the differing impacts of substances on men and women. Research indicates significant disparities in drug use between genders; men are more likely to abuse alcohol and illicit drugs, while women tend to use prescription medications. Although men typically show higher rates of driving under influence (DUI) related to alcohol, significant alcohol-related DUI cases also exist among women. In postmortem toxicology, gender affects drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, with a pressing need for more research focused on women’s specific toxic and fatal ranges. The rise of new psychoactive substances (NPS) presents additional challenges; while most users are male, the gender gap appears to be narrowing. Further investigation into the gender differences in drug usage and effects, particularly regarding NPS, is essential for improving justice system responses and healthcare delivery. A gender-based approach in forensic toxicology is vital for addressing these issues effectively.