Unsupervised clustering analysis-based characterization of spatial profiles of inaccuracy in apparent diffusion coefficient values with varying acquisition plan orientation and diffusion weighting gradient direction - a large multicenter phantom study

This large multicenter study of 37 magnetic resonance imaging scanners aimed at characterizing, for the first time, spatial profiles of inaccuracy (namely, Δ-profiles) in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values with varying acquisition plan orientation and diffusion weighting gradient direction, using a statistical approach exploiting unsupervised clustering analysis. A diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) protocol (b-value: 0-200-400-600-800-1000 s mm−2) with different combinations of acquisition plan orientation (axial/sagittal/coronal) and diffusion weighting gradient direction (anterior-posterior/left-right/feet-head) was acquired on a standard water phantom. For each acquisition setup, Δ-profiles along the 3 main orthogonal directions were characterized by fitting data with a second order polynomial function (ar2 + br + c). Moreover, for each Δ-profile, the maximum minus minimum of the fitting function (δmax) was calculated. The parameters a, b, c, and δmax showed some significant variations between scanner systems by different manufacturers or with different static magnetic field strengths, as well as between different acquisition/estimation setups. Unsupervised clustering analysis showed two evident clusters with significantly different values of parameter a (p < 0.0001), which can be grouped by acquisition protocol/Δ-profile direction but not scanner system. The results of ∆-profiles confirm an appreciable inter-scanner variability in ADC measurement and corroborate the importance of guarantying the reliability of ADC estimations in clinical or research studies, considering for each scanner system the specific acquisition sequence in terms of acquisition plan orientation and diffusion weighting gradient direction.