Ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and pyelonephritis: A narrative review

Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a bacterial infection resulting in kidney inflam-mation, typically arising as a complication of an ascending urinary tract infection that ascends from the bladder to the kidneys. Clinical diagnosis is generally based on clinical and laboratory findings. Recent guidelines recommend not performing diagnostic imaging unless a complicated APN is suspected or the infection affects high-risk patients such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, or diabetics. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a valuable tool in both the diagnosis and follow-up of APN. It aids in distinguishing small simple nephritic involvement from abscess complications and monitoring their evolution over time during antibiotic therapy. Given its lack of ionizing radiation and nephrotoxicity, CEUS is a valid diagnostic modality for approaching and monitoring pyelo-nephritis, improving early identification and characterization of inflammatory lesions. This review aims to summarize the main evidence on the use of ultrasound and CEUS in the diagnosis of APN and its follow-up.