A Novel 3D-Printed Training Platform for Ossiculoplasty with Objective Performance Evaluation

Featured Application: This study highlights a novel application of 3D-printed models for training in ossiculoplasty with autologous incus remodeling. The use of both magnified (3:1) and real-sized (1:1) incus models enable trainees to build confidence and precision in complex surgical tasks. The inclusion of a quantitative scoring system based on CBCT imaging provides an objective, reproducible method to assess skill acquisition. Ossiculoplasty (OPL) aims to restore ossicular chain continuity to improve hearing in patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss, often performed during tympanoplasty. The current training methods, including cadaveric temporal bone models, face challenges such as limited availability, high costs, and biological risks, prompting the exploration of alternative models. This study introduces a novel training platform for OPL using 3D-printed temporal bones and incudes, including a magnified (3:1) model to enhance skill acquisition. Sixty medical students were divided into two groups: one trained on magnified models before transitioning to real-sized ones, and the other used only real-sized models. Training performance was quantitatively assessed using post-remodeling cone-beam CT imaging and mesh distance analysis. The results showed a significant improvement in performance for students with preliminary training on magnified models (87% acceptable results vs. 37%, p = 0.001). Qualitative feedback indicated higher confidence and skill ratings in the magnified model group. This study highlights the effectiveness of scalable, anatomically accurate synthetic models for complex surgical training. While further validation is required with experienced trainees and broader scenarios, the findings support the integration of 3D printing technologies into otologic education, offering a cost-effective, reproducible, and innovative approach to enhancing surgical preparedness.