Electric-vehicle routing problem with time windows and energy minimization: green logistics with same-day delivery approaches

Electric Vehicle (EV)-based last-mile delivery has been studied in recent years due to its theoretical and practical importance. EVs are known for their eco-friendliness and no air pollution in Green Logistics. However, there is no work on integrating the energy consumption and same-day delivery approaches with Electric-Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRP- TW). The influence of payload weights on the EVs energy consumption is considerable and should be considered when planning routes. This work presents the Prize-Collecting EVRP- TW with Energy Minimization (PC-EVRP- TW-EM), finding the optimal routes of EV s to visit the customers with prime membership (same-day service) and consume less battery energy. A mixed-integer program models the PC-EVRP- TW-EM. The results show the efficiency of the proposed approach, reducing the energy consumption and usage cost of EVs by an average of 32.97% and 29.17%, respectively.