Design and Operation of Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a versatile and efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in space exploration, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, industrial processes, and the maritime sector. However, its extremely low boiling point and low density present unique challenges in handling, storage, and transportation, particularly in the prevention of loss of containment scenarios. At present, there is still limited knowledge available on the thermodynamics of liquid hydrogen contained in cryogenic storage tanks. This scientific paper delves into an examination of insulation techniques and the operation of liquid hydrogen tanks. Also, self-pressurization is explained and set into context. Furthermore, modelling of specific parameters such as temperature distribution, pressure increase and liquid level play an important role in understanding the thermodynamics inside of LH2 tanks and enable to draw conclusions for the efficient operation when avoiding the loss of hydrogen by releasing boil off gas. The ramifications of this study hold critical importance for industries reliant on hydrogen. The insights gained will facilitate the development of prediction models to enhance operational directives, and the development of effective storage systems.