Externalization and the Rightlessness of Refugees: An Analytical Framework

This article presents a framework for analyzing externalization arrangements informed by insights from studying the rightlessness of refugees. It reflects on the parameters, conceptual underpinnings, and methodological implications of categorizing externalization arrangements according to the extent to which they de facto and de jure restrict or extend access to asylum. Overall, it thereby highlights the severe effects of externalization efforts and their relationship with foundational deficiencies in the international legal order, as well as the need for profound reform.