Exploring sustainability amidst global challenges: a focus on cooperative enterprises

In this study, we address sustainability issues from the perspective of the entrepreneurial model, comparing cooperative and capitalist microenterprises based on the labor cost to value-added ratio. The analysis employs indicators such as the probability and intensity of transvariation, along with the Gini inequality index, highlighting the significant impact of cooperatives. Overall, the study un-derscores the pivotal role of cooperative enterprises in sustainable development and emphasizes the need to address their challenges for long-term resilience.