Direct evidence that late Neanderthal occupation precedes a technological shift in southwestern Italy (data templates and R script)

Data and codes for complete replication of the study. During the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition (50,000 and 40,000 years ago), interaction between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens varied across Europe. In southern Italy, the association between Homo sapiens fossils and non-Mousterian material culture, as well as the mode and tempo of Neanderthal demise, are still vividly debated. This work presents two lower deciduous molars uncovered at Roccia San Sebastiano (Mondragone-Caserta, Italy), stratigraphically associated with Mousterian (RSS1) and Uluzzian (RSS2) artefacts. Using virtual morphometric methods and supervised learning algorithms we show that RSS1, whose Mousterian context appears more recent than 44,800-44,230 cal BP, can be attributed to a Neanderthal, while RSS2, found in an Uluzzian context that we dated to 42,640-42,380 cal BP, is attributed to Homo sapiens. This site therefore yields the most recent direct evidence for a Neanderthal presence in southern Italy and confirms a later shift to Early Upper Palaeolithic technology in southwestern Italy compared to the earliest Uluzzian evidence at Grotta del Cavallo (Puglia, Italy).