Production of dipteran parasitoids

Tachinidae and other dipteran families (Sarcophagidae, Phoridae, Cryptochaetidae and Bombyliidae) include many parasitoid species of interest for applied biocontrol and, consequently, rearing. Yet, their role as beneficial insects is often underestimated and, to date, “mass” production has been performed for only a few species. With the purpose to bring to light this group of biological control agents, examples of species successfully used in biocontrol strategies are presented in our book chapter, as well as the most important characteristics of their biology relevant for rearing. Different aspects of the in vivo and in vitro techniques of these entomophagous insects are illustrated, e.g., host type (natural vs factitious) and age, infestation mode, abiotic conditions, parasitoid nutritional needs, and continuous in vitro culture. Sterilization and antimicrobial agents for diets/media, adult maintenance, quality control, storage and shipment procedures are also discussed. On all topics, emphasis is especially given to Tachinidae (the largest and most important family of non-hymenopteran parasitoids), mainly for research performed and goals achieved in the last decade. Some perspectives are finally presented with the aim of stimulating new ideas and new research efforts, even addressed with novel approaches.