Stand-off distances for domino effect caused by intentional acts

In the framework of security vulnerability assessment of industrial plants, stand-off distances indicate the threshold distance from the physical domain of the installation for the occurrence of domino effects triggered by shock waves, projectiles, heat radiation or explosive fragments produced by explosives, firearms or large-scale fire initiated outside the industrial installation, or in the far-field, where virtually no risk occurs for the attacker, at least in the first phases of the malevolent action. Assessing these distances is of fundamental importance to establish the rings of protection used in the defense in depth approaches, and for the implementation of deter-detect-delay procedures commonly adopted by industry in the framework of security assessment.