This article comparatively examines the role of History in upper-secondary final examinations in Spain and Italy: the Prueba de Acceso a la Universidad (PAU) and the Esame di Stato. Drawing on the theoretical framework of history education, historical thinking and historical consciousness, the study explores the tension between the competency-based orientations promoted by recent curricular reforms and the persistence of traditional assessment models. The research adopts a qualitative methodology based on the analysis of evaluative language in examination prompts. In the Spanish case, History examinations from the 2024/2025 PAU across all autonomous communities were analysed; in the Italian case, the study considers examination prompts involving historical content from the Esame di Stato over the last ten years. The findings show that, although Spanish examinations display some signs of renewal, they still mainly privilege tasks requiring identification, explanation, description and contextualisation, which are largely associated with the reproduction and comprehension of knowledge. Italian examinations, by contrast, include prompts more clearly oriented towards argumentation, elaboration and critical reflection; however, they assign History an increasingly marginal and non-structural role. The comparison therefore reveals two complementary weaknesses: in Spain, History retains a central position, but assessment remains only partially competency-based; in Italy, examination tasks may activate more complex cognitive processes, yet the presence of History in final assessment has substantially weakened. The article concludes by stressing the need to rethink final assessment so that it can effectively foster historical thinking, democratic consciousness and critical citizenship.
L’articolo analizza comparativamente il ruolo attribuito alla Storia nelle prove finali dell’istruzione secondaria in Spagna e in Italia: la Prueba de Acceso a la Universidad (PAU) e l’Esame di Stato. Muovendo dal quadro teorico dell’educazione storica, del pensiero storico e della coscienza storica, lo studio riflette sulle tensioni tra gli orientamenti curricolari e competenziali delle recenti riforme e la persistente influenza di modelli valutativi tradizionali. La ricerca adotta una metodologia qualitativa fondata sull’analisi del linguaggio valutativo presente negli enunciati delle prove: per la Spagna sono stati esaminati gli esami PAU di Storia dell’anno scolastico 2024/2025 in tutte le Comunità autonome; per l’Italia, le tracce dell’Esame di Stato con contenuti storici proposte nell’ultimo decennio. I risultati mostrano che le prove spagnole, pur evidenziando alcuni segnali di rinnovamento, privilegiano ancora richieste legate all’identificazione, alla spiegazione, alla descrizione e alla contestualizzazione, prevalentemente riconducibili alla riproduzione e comprensione di conoscenze. Le prove italiane presentano invece formule più orientate all’argomentazione, all’elaborazione e alla riflessione critica, ma assegnano alla Storia uno spazio sempre più marginale e non strutturale. Il confronto evidenzia dunque due criticità complementari: in Spagna la disciplina mantiene centralità, ma la valutazione resta solo parzialmente competenziale; in Italia le richieste possono sollecitare operazioni cognitive più complesse, ma la presenza della Storia nelle prove finali risulta indebolita. Lo studio sottolinea la necessità di ripensare la valutazione finale affinché essa sostenga realmente lo sviluppo del pensiero storico, della coscienza democratica e della cittadinanza critica.
Encarnación Cambil Hernández, M., Galletti, F., Cózar, R. (2026). Las pruebas PAU de Historia en España y el Esame di Stato en Italia: un estudio comparativo. Madrid : Ediciones Morata.
Las pruebas PAU de Historia en España y el Esame di Stato en Italia: un estudio comparativo
Filippo Galletti;
2026
Abstract
This article comparatively examines the role of History in upper-secondary final examinations in Spain and Italy: the Prueba de Acceso a la Universidad (PAU) and the Esame di Stato. Drawing on the theoretical framework of history education, historical thinking and historical consciousness, the study explores the tension between the competency-based orientations promoted by recent curricular reforms and the persistence of traditional assessment models. The research adopts a qualitative methodology based on the analysis of evaluative language in examination prompts. In the Spanish case, History examinations from the 2024/2025 PAU across all autonomous communities were analysed; in the Italian case, the study considers examination prompts involving historical content from the Esame di Stato over the last ten years. The findings show that, although Spanish examinations display some signs of renewal, they still mainly privilege tasks requiring identification, explanation, description and contextualisation, which are largely associated with the reproduction and comprehension of knowledge. Italian examinations, by contrast, include prompts more clearly oriented towards argumentation, elaboration and critical reflection; however, they assign History an increasingly marginal and non-structural role. The comparison therefore reveals two complementary weaknesses: in Spain, History retains a central position, but assessment remains only partially competency-based; in Italy, examination tasks may activate more complex cognitive processes, yet the presence of History in final assessment has substantially weakened. The article concludes by stressing the need to rethink final assessment so that it can effectively foster historical thinking, democratic consciousness and critical citizenship.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.



