Bankia, private law disputes in the law of finance and the illusion of a Capital Market Union (and a Banking Union) without fully harmonized civil remedies?

This chapter analyzes the landmark case of Bankia in the context of effective judicial protection and cross-border financial disputes. It explores the legal and regulatory implications of the Spanish banking crisis, focusing on investor claims and the subsequent judicial responses at both national and European levels. By dissecting the role of civil liability, prospectus accuracy, and judicial cooperation, the chapter illustrates the evolving standards for financial consumer protection in the EU. The analysis also highlights the significance of coordinated enforcement, the interaction between national courts and EU law, and the broader implications for market integrity and investor confidence in complex transnational disputes.