Tsunami hazard and risk in the Mediterranean Sea

The densely populated coasts of the Mediterranean Sea are a key focus for tsunami hazard and risk prevention, requiring the involvement of multiple countries. While submarine earthquakes are the primary tsunamigenic sources in the region, volcanic activity and submarine/subaerial landslides can also cause tsunamis. Furthermore, atmospheric forcing may generate meteotsunamis at specific sites. In addition, the effects of global climate change will impact the sea level and, consequently, can influence the tsunami wave impact on the coast. To provide tools for tsunami risk mitigation and damage reduction, different approaches can be used. Databases and catalogs provide information that is the basic data for hazard and risk estimates, like worst case scenarios. On the other hand, probabilistic procedures are more robust and flexible as they allow considering multiple tsunamigenic sources with varying probabilities of occurrence and uncertainty estimates.