The Second Council of Lyon (1274) took into account the existing link between testaments and the restitution of usury. According to the canon Quamquam, a guarantee (cautio) was required, in order to protect the effectiveness of the restitution post-mortem. The synodal constitutions of Tuscany integrated this new norm at the beginning of the XIV c. : they contain indeed some specific rules about the restitution of usury that had to be applied by the parish priests, the testators and the notaries. Usury, however, was also an important topic for the communal statutes: there was thus a kind of overlap between these two legislations. The numerous historical documents preserved in Pisa allow us to investigate about how the ecclesiastical and communal norms could be applied. In this article, I study and compare the synodal constitutions of the archbishop Simone Saltarelli (1324), the contemporary local communal statutes and, finally, the testaments and the records of the activities of the ecclesiastical court of Pisa during the XIVc and beginning of the XVc. The analysis of these different types of documents shows that the overlap between the two types legislations led the Pisan citizens to worry about how to combine the salvation of their souls with the transmission of their goods to their children, but created also, for those who were helped by qualified lawyers, some spaces of freedom.
Alla fine del Duecento, il secondo concilio di Lione (1274) prende atto del legame esistente tra testamenti e restituzione delle usure: con la costituzione Quamquam, i padri conciliari regolamentano questa pratica e chiedono inoltre una cauzione in previsione delle restituzioni post-mortem. Le Costituzioni sinodali toscane dell’inizio del Trecento integrano questa nuova norma, prescrivendo delle regole molto precise destinate ai parrochi, ai testatori e ai notai. Il tema dell’usura è, però, ampiamente trattato anche dagli statuti comunali. Si crea dunque, a proposito dell’usura e della restituzione, una concorrenza tra i diversi tipi di legislazioni, che è ampiamente documentata nel caso di Pisa. Attraverso la presa in esame delle Costituzioni dell’arcivescovo Simone Saltarelli (1324), degli statuti comunali contemporanei e dei documenti che ci permettono di vedere come le diverse legislazioni potessero essere effettivamente applicate (testamenti, processi), cerco di mostrare come questa concorrenza tra le norme fosse all’origine di una certa inquietudine per i cittadini “peccatori” (come conciliare restituzione delle usure e trasmissione dei beni?), ma anche come potesse creare, per quelli che erano assistiti da giuristi competenti, alcuni spazi di libertà.
Duval, S. (2018). Les testaments, l’usure, les statuts. L’exemple de Pise au XIVe siècle. Parigi : Editions de la Sorbonne.
Les testaments, l’usure, les statuts. L’exemple de Pise au XIVe siècle
Sylvie Duval
2018
Abstract
The Second Council of Lyon (1274) took into account the existing link between testaments and the restitution of usury. According to the canon Quamquam, a guarantee (cautio) was required, in order to protect the effectiveness of the restitution post-mortem. The synodal constitutions of Tuscany integrated this new norm at the beginning of the XIV c. : they contain indeed some specific rules about the restitution of usury that had to be applied by the parish priests, the testators and the notaries. Usury, however, was also an important topic for the communal statutes: there was thus a kind of overlap between these two legislations. The numerous historical documents preserved in Pisa allow us to investigate about how the ecclesiastical and communal norms could be applied. In this article, I study and compare the synodal constitutions of the archbishop Simone Saltarelli (1324), the contemporary local communal statutes and, finally, the testaments and the records of the activities of the ecclesiastical court of Pisa during the XIVc and beginning of the XVc. The analysis of these different types of documents shows that the overlap between the two types legislations led the Pisan citizens to worry about how to combine the salvation of their souls with the transmission of their goods to their children, but created also, for those who were helped by qualified lawyers, some spaces of freedom.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


