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                <title>Fragmentary Christian epitaph</title>
                <editor ref="#JP">Jonathan Prag</editor>
                <principal ref="#JP">Jonathan Prag</principal>
                <funder>John Fell OUP Research Fund</funder>
                <funder>
                    <ref target="https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/885040">ERC Advanced Grant no.885040</ref>
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                    <name xml:id="JP" ref="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-8537">Jonathan Prag</name>
                    <resp>original data collection and editing</resp>
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                    <name xml:id="VV" ref="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9695-0240">Valeria Vitale</name>
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                    <name xml:id="MM">Michael Metcalfe</name>
                    <resp>museum data collection</resp>
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                <respStmt>
                    <name xml:id="AA" ref="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7077-0703">Alex Antoniou</name>
                    <resp>EpiDoc editing</resp>
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                    <name xml:id="SS" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3914-9569">Simona Stoyanova</name>
                    <resp>standardisation of template and tidying up encoding</resp>
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                    <resp>automated or batch processes</resp>
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                    <name xml:id="martaf" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5187-5163">Marta Fogagnolo</name>
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                <idno type="PHI">332936</idno>
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                <idno type="DOI" when="2020-12-17">10.5281/zenodo.4338143</idno>
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                <msDesc>
                    <msIdentifier>
                        <country>Italy</country>
                        <region>Sicily</region>
                        <settlement>Catania</settlement>
                        <repository role="museum" ref="http://sicily.classics.ox.ac.uk/museum/018">Museo Civico di Catania</repository>
                        <idno type="inventory">311</idno>
                        <!--Adding location for old id numbers if available-->
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                            <settlement/>
                            <repository/>
                            <idno type="old"/>
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                    <msContents>
                        <textLang mainLang="grc">Ancient Greek</textLang>
                    </msContents>
                    <physDesc>
                        <objectDesc>
                            <supportDesc>
                                <support>
                                    <p>Marble plaque, intact on the right, set in plaster in modern times.</p>
                                    <material ana="#material.stone.marble" ref="http://www.eagle-network.eu/voc/material/lod/48.html">marble</material>
                                    <objectType ana="#object.plaque" ref="http://www.eagle-network.eu/voc/objtyp/lod/259">plaque</objectType>
                                    <dimensions><!--measurements from Korhonen-->
                                        <height unit="cm">27</height>
                                        <width unit="cm">32</width>
                                        <depth unit="cm">1-4.5</depth>
                                    </dimensions>
                                </support>
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                                    <rs ana="#execution.chiselled" ref="http://www.eagle-network.eu/voc/writing/lod/1">chiselled</rs>
                                    <damage ana="#text_condition.incomplete"/>
                                </layout>
                            </layoutDesc>
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                        <handDesc>
                            <handNote>
                                <p>Regular letters with apices: Ε, Σ have square form (square-bottomed cursive Ω), Ξ is cursive.</p>
                                <!--measurements from Korhonen-->
                                <locus from="line1" to="line10">Lines 1-10</locus>
                                <dimensions type="letterHeight">
                                    <height unit="mm">15-22</height>
                                </dimensions>
                                <locus from="line1" to="line2">Interlineation line 1 to 2</locus>
                                <dimensions type="interlinear">
                                    <height unit="mm">not recorded</height>
                                </dimensions>
                            </handNote>
                        </handDesc>
                    </physDesc>
                    <history>
                        <origin>
                            <origPlace>
                                <placeName type="ancient" ref="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/462270">Catina</placeName>
                                <placeName type="modern" ref="http://sws.geonames.org/2525068">Catania</placeName>
                                <geo>37.49223, 15.07041</geo>
                            </origPlace>
                            <origDate datingMethod="#julian" notBefore-custom="0301" notAfter-custom="0400" cert="low" precision="low">4th century CE</origDate>
                        </origin>
                        <provenance type="found">Original discovery not recorded, presumed to be from Catania.</provenance>
                        <provenance type="observed">Observed by Libertini formerly in sala VI.119, recently by Korhonen in magazzino del cortile, Collezione Biscari</provenance>
                        <provenance type="observed" subtype="autopsied">None</provenance>
                        <acquisition/>
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            <p>Taxonomies for ISicily controlled values</p>
            <p>ISicily glyphs authority list</p>
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                <calendar xml:id="julian">
                    <p>Julian Calendar</p>
                </calendar>
            </calendarDesc>
            <langUsage>
                <language ident="en">English</language>
                <language ident="it">Italian</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin</language>
                <language ident="he">Hebrew</language>
                <language ident="phn">Phoenician</language>
                <language ident="xpu">Punic</language>
                <language ident="osc">Oscan</language>
                <language ident="xly">Elymian</language>
                <language ident="scx">Sikel</language>
                <language ident="sxc">Sikan</language>
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                    <term ana="#function.funerary" ref="http://www.eagle-network.eu/voc/typeins/lod/92.html">funerary</term>
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                <change when="2016-12-03" who="#JCu">James Cummings autogenerated EpiDoc output from database</change>
                <change when="2019-05-31" who="#AA">Alex Antoniou Epidoc editing</change>
                <change when="2020-10-05" who="#SS">Simona Stoyanova normalised Unicode</change>
                <change when="2020-10-08" who="#SS">Simona Stoyanova updated list of languages</change>
                <change when="2020-11-26" who="#SS">Simona Stoyanova restructured bibliography</change>
                <change when="2020-12-17" who="#system">Updated Zenodo DOI</change>
                <change when="2021-01-19" who="#SS">renumbered files, uris and references</change>
                <change when="2021-09-22" who="#martaf">Marta Fogagnolo revised the text encoding, added dimensions, translations and commentary</change>
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                <desc>I.Sicily with the permission of the Assessorato Regionale dei Beni Culturali e dell’Identità Siciliana - Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali e dell’Identità Siciliana</desc>
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                <desc>I.Sicily with the permission of the Assessorato Regionale dei Beni Culturali e dell’Identità Siciliana - Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali e dell’Identità Siciliana</desc>
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            <div type="edition" xml:space="preserve" xml:lang="grc" resp="#martaf">
                <ab>
                    <lb n="0a"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="line"/>
                    <lb n="1"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">τὸ</supplied>
                        <unclear>ν</unclear>
                    </w>
                    <w>κόσμον</w>
                    <w>ἅπαντα</w>
                    <orig>Ε</orig>
                    <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>
                    <lb n="2"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                    <persName type="attested">
                        <name>
                            <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                            <seg part="F">έως</seg>
                        </name>
                    </persName>
                    <w>καὶ</w>
                    <persName type="attested">
                        <name>Βασιλίδος</name>
                    </persName>
                    <lb n="3"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">ἀμέμ</supplied>
                        <unclear>π</unclear>τως</w>
                    <w>καὶ</w>
                    <w>ἀκαταγνώ
                    <lb n="4" break="no"/>
                        <supplied reason="lost">στως</supplied>
                    </w>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">ἔζησ</supplied>αν</w>
                    <w>μοι</w>
                    <w>ἔτη</w>
                    <space quantity="1" unit="character"/>
                    <num value="14">
                        <hi rend="supraline">ιδ</hi>
                    </num>
                    <space quantity="1" unit="character"/>
                    <w>ἐν</w>
                    <lb n="5"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">ζήσ</supplied>ασα</w>
                    <w>ἔτη</w>
                    <space quantity="1" unit="character"/>
                    <num value="28">
                        <hi rend="supraline">κη</hi>
                    </num>
                    <space quantity="1" unit="character"/>
                    <w>ὁρκί
                    <lb n="6" break="no"/>
                        <supplied reason="lost">ζω</supplied>
                    </w>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">τὸν</supplied>
                    </w>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">Παντο</supplied>κράτορα</w>
                    <w>καὶ</w>
                    <lb n="7"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">τὸν</supplied>
                    </w>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">μέλλ</supplied>οντα</w>
                    <w>αἰῶνα</w>
                    <lb n="8"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost">μη</supplied>
                        <unclear>δ</unclear>ὲν'</w>
                    <w>ἀνῦξαι</w>
                    <lb n="9"/>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                    <w>
                        <supplied reason="lost" cert="low">ἐκεί</supplied>νων</w>
                    <w>κατ<supplied reason="lost">ά</supplied>
                        <lb n="10" break="no"/>
                        <supplied reason="lost" cert="low">θεσιν</supplied>
                    </w>
                    <gap reason="lost" extent="unknown" unit="character"/>
                </ab>
            </div>
            <div type="apparatus" resp="#martaf">
                <listApp>
                    <app>
                        <note>Text based on photograph</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="line 0a">
                        <note>Manganaro adds [ὁ δεῖνα--- ἐποίησα] before l. 1</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="line 1">
                        <note>Manganaro: ---[τ]ὸ<unclear>ν</unclear> κόσμον ἐ<unclear>ν</unclear>. After ε, Korhonen reads a vertical or slightly slanted stroke and a straight one (Α, Η, Ρ, less likely Κ, Ν)</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="line 2">
                        <note>Libertini, Ferrua, Korhonen: [βασιλ]έως καὶ βασιλίδος; Manganaro: [τύμβῳ (name)]εως καὶ βασιλίδος</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="line 3">
                        <note>Libertini, Ferrua, Korhonen: [ἀμεμπ]τως; Manganaro: [oὗτοι ἀμέμπ]τως</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="lines 3-4">
                        <note>Ferrua: ἀκαταγνώ-|[στως ἦ]σαν; Manganaro, Korhonen: ἀκαταγνώ-|[στως--- ἔζη]σαν</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="lines 4-5">
                        <note>Libertini: ἐν | [ζήσ]ασα; Ferrua: ἐν | [γάμῳ ἅπ]ασα; Manganaro: ἕν, (?) | [ἑτέρα πληρώσ]ασα. Another possibility can be ἐν | [Χ(ριστ)ῷ ζήσ]ασα or ἐν | [Χρ(ιστ)ῷ ζήσ]ασα (for this formula, see e.g. IMC Catania 192 = <ref target="http://sicily.classics.ox.ac.uk/inscription/ISic003290">ISic003290</ref>, IG 14, no.535 = <ref target="http://sicily.classics.ox.ac.uk/inscription/ISic001354">ISic001354</ref> and Korhonen 2004: 263).</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="lines 5-6">
                        <note>Libertini: ὅρκι(ον) | [αὐτο]κράτορα; Ferrua: ὀρκί-|[ζω (sic) θ(εὸν) παντο]κράτορα; Manganaro: ὁρκί-|[ζω τὸν Παντο]κρατορα; Korhonen: ὀρκί-|[ζω (sic) τὸν παντο]κράτορα</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="line 7">
                        <note>Libertini, Manganaro: [τὸν μέλ]λοντα; Ferrua, Korhonen: [τὸν ἔτι μέλ]λοντα</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="line 8">
                        <note>Ferrua: [τὴν σορὸν μη]δέν'; Manganaro: [κληρονόμων μη]δέν'. Korhonen reads a vertical stroke before ΕΝ (Η, Ι, Ν, Ω)</note>
                    </app>
                    <app loc="lines 9-10">
                        <note>Ferrua: [ἐγεννήθη τῇ πρ(ὸ) . ] νων(ῶν), κατ[ε|τέθη]---; Manganaro: [ἢ σκυλήσαι] --- [ἐκεί]νων κατ[ά|θεσιν] (or κατ[ά|γειον μνημίον]) ---; Korhonen: --- [ἐκεί]νων κατ[ά|θεσιν] ---</note>
                    </app>
                </listApp>
            </div>
            <div type="translation" xml:lang="en" resp="#martaf">
                <p>--- all the world [--- of (name)] and of Basilis. They lived perfectly and blamelessly with me fourteen years --- lived twenty-eight years. I beseech in the name of the Almighty --- for all eternity --- let no one open [the tomb] ---</p>
            </div>
            <div type="translation" xml:lang="it" resp="#martaf">
                <p>--- tutto il mondo [---di (nome)] e di Basilis. Essi vissero in modo perfetto e irreprensibile con me quattordici anni --- avendo vissuto ventotto anni. Scongiuro in nome dell’Onnipotente --- per l’eternità --- che nessuno apra [la tomba] ---</p>
            </div>
            <div type="commentary" resp="#martaf">
                <p>Due to the largely fragmentary condition, it is difficult to reconstruct the text of this Christian epitaph, which could have a hexametrical form at least in the first two lines, if one admits with Korhonen a metrical lengthening of the third syllable of <foreign xml:lang="grc">βασιλίδος</foreign>.</p>
                <p>The clause <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὸν κόσμον ἅπαντα</foreign> recurs in a Christian inscription from Phrygia of the 3rd cent. CE (SEG 6.159 = SGOst Vol. 3 no.16/31/85). The word <foreign xml:lang="grc">κόσμος</foreign> might allude to the world (left by the deceased), rather than to the ornament of the tomb (Manganaro suggests both possibilities). <foreign xml:lang="grc">Βασιλίς</foreign> is frequently a proper name or an adjective (often referring to Rome, see e.g. IG 14, no.830 ll. 17, 31, 41): another example of the use of <foreign xml:lang="grc">Βασιλίς</foreign> as a personal name from Catania is IG 14, no.450 = <ref target="http://sicily.classics.ox.ac.uk/inscription/ISic001275">ISic001275</ref>, corrected by Manganaro (1988: 68 n. 346 = SEG 38.942, see also LGPN 3A: 89), although probably belonging to the high imperial period. On the contrary, Ferrua understands <foreign xml:lang="grc">βασιλίς</foreign> as a noun, synonymous of <foreign xml:lang="grc">βασιλίσσα</foreign>, and he suggests the integration at l. 2 <foreign xml:lang="grc">βασιλ]έως καὶ βασιλίδος</foreign>: Korhonen (2004: 272) accepts the integration, but excludes the possibility that this formula refers to sovereigns (“non siamo ancora ai tempi delle regine bizantine”), assuming an allusion to a theological concept. In this sense, <foreign xml:lang="grc">βασιλίς</foreign> perhaps occurs in a Byzantine inscription from Ikaria of 5th-6th cent. CE (SEG 53.904), which refers to the transformation of a temple into a church dedicated to Mary, to which the expression in B l. 2 <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἀγαθὴ ἡμν βασιλίς καὶ δέσποινα</foreign> refers. However, there do not seem to be any other evidences of this expression in combination with <foreign xml:lang="grc">βασιλεύς</foreign>.</p>
                <p>Manganaro's interpretation, who reads <foreign xml:lang="grc">Βασιλίς</foreign> as a proper name, seems more advisable. The scholar assumed that the funerary inscription names two deceased individuals, the first (whose name was originally in the lacuna) would have died at the age of 14, the second, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Βασιλίς</foreign>, would have died at the age of 28: the likely integration at l. 4 <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἔζησ]αν</foreign> refers indeed to two persons. Manganaro's integration of ll. 4-5 <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἕν (?) | [ἑτέρα]</foreign>, however, is unacceptable, since the neuter cannot refer to a male individual (unless one assumes an original error of the stonecutter). Ferrua, on the contrary, believed that the epitaph mentions only one deceased woman, of whom it first indicates the years, 14, that she lived ἐν γάμῳ (integration of ll. 4-5) with her husband, and then the total number of years she lived, 28.</p>
                <p>The second part of the epitaph would have contained a curse formula against a possible violation of the tomb (for Christian curse formulas, see Feissel 1980: 464-470). The invocation to <foreign xml:lang="grc">Παντοκράτωρ</foreign> at l. 6 can be eventually preceded by <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὸν θεόν</foreign>, depending on the space in the gap, which cannot be easily quantified. An admonition not to violate the tomb follows: Manganaro’s integration of <foreign xml:lang="grc">κληρονόμων</foreign> (or <foreign xml:lang="grc">κληρονομήσῃ</foreign>) is based on a frequent formula in Christian inscriptions, which associates the verb with the expression <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὸν μέλλοντα αἰῶνα</foreign> (see IG 14, no.1563 ll. 2-4). The integration of Manganaro and Korhonen at ll. 9-10, <foreign xml:lang="grc">κατ[ά-|θεσιν ---]</foreign>, is based on the vocabulary of Christian inscriptions, since in these texts <foreign xml:lang="grc">κατάθεσις</foreign> recurs often referred to the tomb. According to Ferrua instead, the last line contained the date of death, <foreign xml:lang="la">dies natales</foreign> for Christians: <foreign xml:lang="grc">τῇ πρ(ὸ) . ] νων(ῶν)</foreign>.</p>
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            <div type="bibliography">
                <listBibl type="edition">
                    <bibl type="bulletin" n="SEG">
                        <citedRange>44.0765</citedRange>
                        <ptr target="http://zotero.org/groups/382445/items/F2GG87EQ"/>
                        <ref target="https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10000796">https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10000796</ref>
                    </bibl>
                    <bibl type="corpus" n="IMusCatania">
                        <citedRange>212</citedRange>
                        <ptr target="https://zotero.org/groups/382445/items/2EUC82DH"/>
                        <ref target="https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10000028">https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10000028</ref>
                    </bibl>
                    <bibl>
                        <author>Ferrua</author>
                        <date>1989</date>
                        <citedRange>no.426</citedRange>
                        <ptr target="http://zotero.org/groups/382445/items/759ZXHKQ"/>
                        <ref target="https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001995">https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001995</ref>
                    </bibl>
                    <bibl>
                        <author>Libertini</author>
                        <date>1930</date>
                        <citedRange>317 no.3</citedRange>
                        <ptr target="http://zotero.org/groups/382445/items/SKUU2R8X"/>
                        <ref target="https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001871">https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001871</ref>
                    </bibl>
                    <bibl>
                        <author>Manganaro</author>
                        <date>1994</date>
                        <citedRange>88-89 no.6 fig.9</citedRange>
                        <ptr target="http://zotero.org/groups/382445/items/532NF7SV"/>
                        <ref target="https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001825">https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001825</ref>
                    </bibl>
                </listBibl>
                <listBibl type="discussion">
                    <bibl>
                        <author>Manganaro</author>
                        <date>1988</date>
                        <citedRange>68 n. 346</citedRange>
                        <ptr target="http://zotero.org/groups/382445/items/RZSFKACR"/>
                        <ref target="https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001427">https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10001427</ref>
                    </bibl>
                    <bibl>
                        <author>Feissel</author>
                        <date>1980</date>
                        <citedRange>464-470</citedRange>
                        <ptr target="http://zotero.org/groups/382445/items/TCA7VMDZ"/>
                        <ref target="https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10002006">https://biblio.inscriptiones.org/epig10002006</ref>
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