Spontaneous fluid emissions in the Northern Apennines: geochemistry, structures and implications for the petroleum system.

Natural seeps in the Northern Apennines document a variability of fluids and reservoirs in terms of origin, age and evolution. Their spatial distribution appears controlled by the presence or absence of the tectonic overburden provided by the Ligurian nappe. The general trend of deepening of the Mesozoic basement toward the internal part of the thrust belt is reflected by the nature of the seeps, characterized by thermogenic methane and oil at the foothills, whereas the innermost seeps show occurrence of dry thermogenic gas suggesting overcooking of the residual oil. At the front of the Ligurian nappe, or in places never covered by it, the seepages are associated with biogenic methane related to bacterial degradation of the organic- rich intervals occurring in the Pliocene and Pleistocene marine succession. The coupling of geochemical and structural analysis allows reconstructing the tectono-thermal evolution of the belt, improving our knowledge on the processes acting within the reservoir and controlling important parameters of the petroleum system, such as the reservoir porosity and its modifications, and the migration patterns.