Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence

As with most aspects of our lives in the last few years, medicine too has seen the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications with an equal amount of fear and fascination from the mainstream public. Scientists, though, tend to be more cautious in their opinions towards these new technologies, as AI in its essence is not new at all and has already gained and lost popularity several times in the past. However, it is undeniable how Deep Learning (DL) has obtained incredible results that surpassed previously established standard procedures and has the potential to yield even better results. Still, this potential comes with some caveats that need to be pointed out to whoever wants to adopt this new paradigm. This chapter focuses on DL application in the world of medical imaging, providing basic notions in order to discuss the state of the art as well as bringing up some interesting issues and critical questions concerning medical application of AI.