The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.

Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware

Castaldi, Paolo;Donà, Roberto;Filippini, Francesco;Ibnsalih, Walid Idrissi;Illuminati, Giulia;Levi, Giuseppe;Margiotta, Annarita;Spurio, Maurizio;Versari, Federico;
2021

Abstract

The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.
2021
Aiello, Sebastiano; Albert, Arnauld; Garre, Sergio Alves; Aly, Zineb; Ameli, Fabrizio; Andre, Michel; Androulakis, Giorgos; Anghinolfi, Marco; Anguita, Mancia; Anton, Gisela; Ardid, Miquel; Aublin, Julien; Bagatelas, Christos; Barbarino, Giancarlo; Baret, Bruny; Basegmez du Pree, Suzan; Belias, Anastasios; Bendahman, Meriem; Berbee, Edward; van den Berg, Ad M.; Bertin, Vincent; van Beveren, Vincent; Biagi, Simone; Biagioni, Andrea; Bissinger, Matthias; Boettcher, Markus; Boumaaza, Jihad; Bouta, Mohammed; Bouwhuis, Mieke; Bozza, Cristiano; Brânzaş, Horea; Bruijn, Ronald; Brunner, Jurgen; Buis, Ernst-Jan; Buompane, Raffaele; Busto, Jose; Caiffi, Barbara; Calvo, David; Capone, Antonio; Carretero, Victor; Castaldi, Paolo; Celli, Silvia; Chabab, Mohamed; Chau, Nhan; Chen, Andrew W.; Cherubini, Silvio; Chiarella, Vitaliano; Chiarusi, Tommaso; Circella, Marco; Cocimano, Rosanna; Coelho, Joao A. B.; Coleiro, Alexis; Molla, Marta C.; Colonges, Stephane; Coniglione, Rosa; Corredoira, Imanol; Coyle, Paschal; Creusot, Alexandre; Cuttone, Giacomo; Amico, Antonio D’; D’Onofrio, Antonio; Dallier, Richard; De Palma, Mauro; Di Palma, Irene; Díaz, Antonio F.; Diego-Tortosa, Didac; Distefano, Carla; Domi, Alba; Donà, Roberto; Donzaud, Corinne; Dornic, Damien; Dörr, Manuel; Drouhin, Doriane; Eberl, Thomas; Eddyamoui, Ahmed; van Eeden, Thijs; van Eijk, Daan; El Bojaddaini, Imad; Elsaesser, Dominik; Enzenhoefer, Alexander; Rosell, Victor Espinosa; Fermani, Paolo; Ferrara, Giovanna; Filipović, Miroslav D.; Filippini, Francesco; Fusco, Luigi A.; Gabella, Omar; Gal, Tamas; Soto, Alfonso Andres Garcia; Garufi, Fabio; Gatelet, Yoann; Geißelbrecht, Nicole; Gialanella, Lucio; Giorgio, Emidio; Gozzini, Sara R.; Gracia, Rodrigo; Graf, Kay; Grasso, Dario; Grella, Giuseppe; Guderian, Daniel; Guidi, Carlo; Hallmann, Steffen; Hamdaoui, Hassane; van Haren, Hans; Heijboer, Aart; Hekalo, Amar; Hernández-Rey, Juan J.; Hofestädt, Jannik; Huang, Feifei; Ibnsalih, Walid Idrissi; Ilioni, Alin; Illuminati, Giulia; James, Clancy W.; Jansweijer, Peter; de Jong, Maartin; de Jong, Paul; Jung, Bouke Jisse; Kadler, Matthias; Kalaczyński, Piotr; Kalekin, Oleg; Katz, Uli F.; Khan Chowdhury, Nafis R.; Kistauri, Giorgi; van der Knaap, Frits; Koffeman, Els N.; Kooijman, Paul; Kouchner, Antoine; Kreter, Michael; Kulikovskiy, Vladimir; Lahmann, Robert; Larosa, Giuseppina; Le Breton, Remy; Leonardi, Ornella; Leone, Francesco; Leonora, Emanuele; Lesrel, Jean; Levi, Giuseppe; Lincetto, Massimiliano; Lindsey Clark, Miles; Lipreau, Thomas; Lonardo, Alessandro; Longhitano, Fabio; Lopez-Coto, Daniel; Maderer, Lukas; Mańczak, Jerzy M.; Mannheim, Karl; Margiotta, Annarita; Marinelli, Antonio; Markou, Christos; Martin, Lilian; Martínez-Mora, Juan A.; Martini, Agnese; Marzaioli, Fabio; Mastroianni, Stefano; Mazzou, Safaa; Melis, Karel W.; Miele, Gennaro; Migliozzi, Pasquale; Migneco, Emilio; Mijakowski, Piotr; Miranda Palacios, Luis S.; Mollo, Carlos M.; Morganti, Mauro; Moser, Michael; Moussa, Abdelilah; Muller, Rasa; Pérez, David Muñoz; Musico, Paolo; Musumeci, Mario; Nauta, Lodewijk; Navas, Sergio; Nicolau, Carlo A.; Fearraigh, Brian Ó.; O’Sullivan, Mitchell; Organokov, Mukharbek; Orlando, Angelo; González, Juan Palacios; Papalashvili, Gogita; Papaleo, Riccardo; Pastore, Cosimo; Păun, Alice M.; Păvălaş, Gabriela E.; Pellegrini, Giuliano; Pellegrino, Carmelo; Perrin-Terrin, Mathieu; Piattelli, Paolo; Pieterse, Camiel; Pikounis, Konstantinos; Pisanti, Ofelia; Poirè, Chiara; Popa, Vlad; Pradier, Thierry; Pühlhofer, Gerd; Pulvirenti, Sara; Rabyang, Omphile; Raffaelli, Fabrizio; Randazzo, Nunzio; Razzaque, Soebur; Real, Diego; Reck, Stefan; Riccobene, Giorgio; Richer, Marc; Rivoire, Stephane; Rovelli, Alberto; Salesa Greus, Francisco; Samtleben, Dorothea F. E.; Sánchez Losa, Agustin; Sanguineti, Matteo; Santangelo, Andrea E.; Santonocito, Domenico; Sapienza, Piera; Schmelling, Jan-Willem; Schnabel, Jutta; Schumann, Johannes; Seneca, Jordan; Sgura, Irene; Shanidze, Rezo; Sharma, Ankur; Simeone, Francesco; Sinopoulou, Anna; Spisso, Bernardino; Spurio, Maurizio; Stavropoulos, Dimitris; Steijger, Jos; Stellacci, Simona Maria; Taiuti, Mauro; Tayalati, Yahya; Tenllado, Enrique; Thakore, Tarak; Tingay, Steven; Tzamariudaki, Ekaterini; Tzanetatos, Dimitrios; Van Elewyck, Veronique; Vasileiadis, Georges; Versari, Federico; Viola, Salvo; Vivolo, Daniele; de Wasseige, Gwenhael; Wilms, Joern; Wojaczyński, Rafa; de Wolf, Els; Zaborov, Dmitry; Zavatarelli, Sandra; Zegarelli, Angela; Zito, Daniele; de Dios Zornoza, Juan; Zúñiga, Juan; Zywucka, Natalia
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