In the wake of World War II, Europe faced the challenge of repatriating the millions of people displaced by war: POWs, forced or voluntary workers, ethnic groups... Soviet Union was the first concerned, with more than 5.5 million displaced citizens. Several specialists enlightened the process and huge device set up to manage this task, revealing the forced character of repatriation in this country and the problems met at home by the returnees. Basing on central, regional and local archives and on oral testimony, we propose to study the topics linked with these massive returns of deportees to their homeland in a province of central Russia (Kalinin). The paper focuses on a simple question: which kind of reintegration and why was prescribed and how did the chains of command succeed in implementing it? We will also examine the issue of the repatriates' experiment of this coming back in an attempt of questioning the novelty of social identities generated by war. The example of Kalinin province allows to draw some qualified conclusions. From the very elaboration of repatriation, its principles and methods, Soviet approach was characterized by ambiguity. The leadership dithered between compassion, victimization of the returnees and suspicion toward them. As the filtration and repatriation went on, the lower levels of power coped with material hurdles linked with the undergone destructions and long-lasting scarcity. Local reactions of ostracism mingled with reconstruction priorities and produced difficult conditions of resettling, while Stalinist manichean discourse was inclined to see returnees as suspect (ideologically corrupted) or even treacherous. On the whole, repatriates did not receive a warm welcome and were doomed to keep their hardships secret.

All'indomani della seconda guerra mondiale, l'Europa ha affrontato la sfida di rimpatriare i milioni di persone sfollate dalla guerra: Prigionieri di guerra, lavoratori forzati o volontari, gruppi etnici... L'Unione Sovietica fu la prima interessata, con più di 5,5 milioni di cittadini sfollati. Diversi specialisti hanno illuminato il processo e l'enorme dispositivo istituito per gestire questo compito, rivelando il carattere forzato del rimpatrio in questo paese e i problemi incontrati in patria dai rimpatriati. Basandoci su archivi centrali, regionali e locali e su testimonianze orali, ci proponiamo di studiare i temi legati a questi ritorni massicci di deportati in patria in una provincia della Russia centrale (Kalinin). L'articolo si concentra su una semplice domanda: quale tipo di reintegrazione e perché fu prescritta e come le catene di comando riuscirono ad attuarla? Esamineremo anche la questione dell'esperimento di questo ritorno da parte dei rimpatriati nel tentativo di mettere in discussione la novità delle identità sociali generate dalla guerra. L'esempio della provincia di Kalinin permette di trarre alcune conclusioni qualificate. Fin dall'elaborazione stessa del rimpatrio, dei suoi principi e metodi, l'approccio sovietico fu caratterizzato dall'ambiguità. La leadership esitava tra la compassione, la vittimizzazione dei rimpatriati e il sospetto nei loro confronti. Mentre il filtraggio e il rimpatrio andavano avanti, i livelli inferiori del potere affrontavano gli ostacoli materiali legati alle distruzioni subite e alla scarsità duratura. Reazioni locali di ostracismo si mescolavano alle priorità della ricostruzione e producevano difficili condizioni di reinsediamento, mentre il discorso manicheo stalinista era incline a vedere i rimpatriati come sospetti (ideologicamente corrotti) o addirittura infidi. Nel complesso, i rimpatriati non ricevettero un caldo benvenuto e furono condannati a tenere segrete le loro difficoltà.

Retribute or Reintegrate? The Ambiguity of Soviet Policies Towards Repatriates: The Case of Kalinin Province, 1943-1950 / Vanessa Voisin. - In: JAHRBÜCHER FÜR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS. - ISSN 0021-4019. - STAMPA. - 55:1(2007), pp. 34-55.

Retribute or Reintegrate? The Ambiguity of Soviet Policies Towards Repatriates: The Case of Kalinin Province, 1943-1950

Vanessa Voisin
2007

Abstract

In the wake of World War II, Europe faced the challenge of repatriating the millions of people displaced by war: POWs, forced or voluntary workers, ethnic groups... Soviet Union was the first concerned, with more than 5.5 million displaced citizens. Several specialists enlightened the process and huge device set up to manage this task, revealing the forced character of repatriation in this country and the problems met at home by the returnees. Basing on central, regional and local archives and on oral testimony, we propose to study the topics linked with these massive returns of deportees to their homeland in a province of central Russia (Kalinin). The paper focuses on a simple question: which kind of reintegration and why was prescribed and how did the chains of command succeed in implementing it? We will also examine the issue of the repatriates' experiment of this coming back in an attempt of questioning the novelty of social identities generated by war. The example of Kalinin province allows to draw some qualified conclusions. From the very elaboration of repatriation, its principles and methods, Soviet approach was characterized by ambiguity. The leadership dithered between compassion, victimization of the returnees and suspicion toward them. As the filtration and repatriation went on, the lower levels of power coped with material hurdles linked with the undergone destructions and long-lasting scarcity. Local reactions of ostracism mingled with reconstruction priorities and produced difficult conditions of resettling, while Stalinist manichean discourse was inclined to see returnees as suspect (ideologically corrupted) or even treacherous. On the whole, repatriates did not receive a warm welcome and were doomed to keep their hardships secret.
2007
Retribute or Reintegrate? The Ambiguity of Soviet Policies Towards Repatriates: The Case of Kalinin Province, 1943-1950 / Vanessa Voisin. - In: JAHRBÜCHER FÜR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS. - ISSN 0021-4019. - STAMPA. - 55:1(2007), pp. 34-55.
Vanessa Voisin
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/704270
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