This paper presents and comments on a teaching activity developed for Intercultural Foreign Language Education (IFLE) in Higher or Secondary Education, focusing on the deconstruction of national stereotypes. As mental schemata, stereotypes play an essential cognitive role in organising an individual’s experience by simplifying and systematizing complex and multifaceted realities (Tajfe, 1969). As such, stereotypes are difficult to modify or eliminate. While their obliteration in educational settings is ‘a Sisyphean task if ever there was one', students should still be guided 'toward a better understanding of their complexity, their subtlety, and the many ways they affect our behavior’ (Schneider, 2005: 568). Within IFLE this entails stimulating the cognitive processes involved in the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) in students, thus acting upon their critical cultural awareness. The teaching activity here presented rests on the premise that stereotypes can be vital to ICC development if used as analytical devices for understanding a given culture. Two methodological requirements are essential to such a premise. First, teaching activities should not limit themselves to identifying and generically condemning stereotypical generalizations; rather they should provide students with a solid method for the critical identification, analysis and deconstruction of stereotypes. Second, since people become aware of stereotypes only when these ‘regard their group of origin and [...] convey negative evaluations’ (Arcuri & Cadinu, 1998: 9), training in the development of a critical method for stereotype deconstruction should initially focus on the student’s own culture and only at a later stage be applied to the foreign culture. The ‘Travel Guides’ teaching activity meets these two methodological requirements. First, students are encouraged to use their critical cultural awareness to identify and analyze possible stereotypes in three travel guidebooks of the country of origin of the majority of the class (‘source culture’). Subsequently, they are asked to repeat the analysis on a travel guide of the foreign country whose language they are studying (‘target language’). Through gradual step-by-step activities, the teacher guides students through a paradigmatic cultural and intercultural analysis, enabling the individual learner to apply the analytical skills thus developed to different text genres and contexts. The one presented here is a version of the ‘Travel Guides’ activity which was developed and tested on a group of thirteen A1/A2-level students at the Department of Italian of the National University of Ireland, Galway. Yet, with few minor changes (mainly in the teaching materials used), the activity can be proposed to students of other ‘languacultures’ and/or higher levels of proficiency. The article is structured around the pedagogical and operational progression of the teaching activity, by chronologically illustrating the successive stages of its development, presenting and commenting on the didactic materials used, and proposing considerations and suggestions based on the actual teaching experience. In spite of the article’s applied approach, the conspicuous references to concepts developed within IFLE promote a theoretical discussion of stereotype use in the foreign language classroom.

L'articolo presenta e commenta una teaching activity pensata per l'intercultural foreign language education (IFLE) a livello universitario o di scuola superiore e incentrata sulla decostruzione dello stereotipo nazionale. Since stereotype, as a mental schema, assolve una funzione cognitiva fondamentale per l'individuo organizzando l'esperienza e portando semplicità e ordine laddove c'è complessità e variazione (Tajfe, 1969), è difficile da modificare o cancellare. Se quindi in educazione eliminare gli stereotipi costituisce ‘a Sisyphean task if ever there was one', è opportuno invece guidare gli studenti 'toward a better understanding of their complexity, their subtlety, and the many ways they affect our behavior’ (Schneider, 2005: 568). Nel quadro della intercultural foreign language education ciò significa stimolare negli studenti i processi cognitivi coinvolti nello sviluppo della competenza comunicativa interculturale (ICC) e, in tal modo, incidere sulla critical cultural awareness. L'attività presentata nell'articolo prende avvio dalla convinzione che lo stereotipo possa essere tanto più decisivo per lo sviluppo della ICC quando trasformato esso stesso in uno strumento di analisi della cultura. Per far ciò è necessario che le teaching activities ideate a questo scopo soddisfino due condizioni di ordine metodologico. Innanzitutto devono proporre agli studenti un metodo critico di individuazione, analisi e decostruzione dello stereotipo, piuttosto che fermarsi all'individuazione e alla condanna delle generalizzazioni stereotipiche. In secondo luogo, poiché le persone si accorgono dell’esistenza degli stereotipi solo quando ‘riguardano il proprio gruppo di appartenenza e se le attribuzioni […] hanno valenza negativa’ (Arcuri & Cadinu, 1998: 9), è necessario che l’“allenamento” del metodo critico di decostruzione dello stereotipo avvenga su stereotipi inerenti la cultura di base dello studente e che solo in un secondo momento questi sia invitato a applicare il metodo appreso alla cultura straniera. L'attività 'The Tour Guides' segue i due principi suddetti, prima invitando gli studenti a esercitare la propria critical cultural awareness su tre guide turistiche del paese da cui proviene la maggior parte della classe ('source culture') per individuarvi eventuali stereotipi, poi chiedendo loro di ripetere la stessa operazione su una guida del paese di cui studiano la lingua ('target culture'). Attraverso una serie di passaggi intermedi, l'insegnante guida quindi la classe nell'esemplificazione di un'analisi culturale e interculturale in modo tale che i singoli possano trasferire la abilità esercitate a generi testuali e contesti anche profondamente diversi. L'articolo presenta una versione del 'The Tour Guides' testata con un gruppo di tredici studenti di livello A1-A2 presso il Department of Italian at the National University of Ireland, Galway. Nondimeno, previ alcuni semplici accorgimenti legati prevalentemente alla scelta dei materiali, il percorso didattico presentato può essere proposto a studenti di altre lingueculture e/o di livelli di lingua superiori. La struttura dell'articolo riflette l'impostazione didattica e operativa dell'attività: ne ripercorre le fasi di realizzazione in ordine cronologico, presenta e commenta i materiali didattici, e fornisce indicazioni e consigli maturati sulla base della sperimentazione condotta. Nondimeno, grazie anche alla fitta rete di richiami alla letteratura dedicata all'IFLE, mira ad aprire una riflessione teorica sull'utilizzo dello stereotipo nella classe di lingua straniera.

Unmasking stereotypes in travel guides. A teaching activity for intercultural foreign language education

BORGHETTI, CLAUDIA
2013

Abstract

This paper presents and comments on a teaching activity developed for Intercultural Foreign Language Education (IFLE) in Higher or Secondary Education, focusing on the deconstruction of national stereotypes. As mental schemata, stereotypes play an essential cognitive role in organising an individual’s experience by simplifying and systematizing complex and multifaceted realities (Tajfe, 1969). As such, stereotypes are difficult to modify or eliminate. While their obliteration in educational settings is ‘a Sisyphean task if ever there was one', students should still be guided 'toward a better understanding of their complexity, their subtlety, and the many ways they affect our behavior’ (Schneider, 2005: 568). Within IFLE this entails stimulating the cognitive processes involved in the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) in students, thus acting upon their critical cultural awareness. The teaching activity here presented rests on the premise that stereotypes can be vital to ICC development if used as analytical devices for understanding a given culture. Two methodological requirements are essential to such a premise. First, teaching activities should not limit themselves to identifying and generically condemning stereotypical generalizations; rather they should provide students with a solid method for the critical identification, analysis and deconstruction of stereotypes. Second, since people become aware of stereotypes only when these ‘regard their group of origin and [...] convey negative evaluations’ (Arcuri & Cadinu, 1998: 9), training in the development of a critical method for stereotype deconstruction should initially focus on the student’s own culture and only at a later stage be applied to the foreign culture. The ‘Travel Guides’ teaching activity meets these two methodological requirements. First, students are encouraged to use their critical cultural awareness to identify and analyze possible stereotypes in three travel guidebooks of the country of origin of the majority of the class (‘source culture’). Subsequently, they are asked to repeat the analysis on a travel guide of the foreign country whose language they are studying (‘target language’). Through gradual step-by-step activities, the teacher guides students through a paradigmatic cultural and intercultural analysis, enabling the individual learner to apply the analytical skills thus developed to different text genres and contexts. The one presented here is a version of the ‘Travel Guides’ activity which was developed and tested on a group of thirteen A1/A2-level students at the Department of Italian of the National University of Ireland, Galway. Yet, with few minor changes (mainly in the teaching materials used), the activity can be proposed to students of other ‘languacultures’ and/or higher levels of proficiency. The article is structured around the pedagogical and operational progression of the teaching activity, by chronologically illustrating the successive stages of its development, presenting and commenting on the didactic materials used, and proposing considerations and suggestions based on the actual teaching experience. In spite of the article’s applied approach, the conspicuous references to concepts developed within IFLE promote a theoretical discussion of stereotype use in the foreign language classroom.
2013
Critical cultural awareness: Managing stereotypes through intercultural (language) education
114
134
Borghetti, Claudia
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/592922
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