An overview of analytical techniques and methods for the study and preservation of artistic and archaeological bronzes

The present review intends to give an overview on the type of information that is possible to gather from the application of different non-invasive and micro-destructive analytical techniques. Typically, methods that require the withdrawal of a sample, such as metallography, SEM-EDS, AAS, FTIK and Py-GC-MS are employed. Through their use, it is possible to identify the material constitution, to evaluate the degradation behaviour and the state of conservation of excavated bronze artefacts. It is also underlined how a non-invasive approach might be used whenever no sampling is allowed, though some limitation should be considered. Furthermore, analytical techniques play an important role in the characterisation and evaluation of the effectiveness of protective coatings and corrosion inhibitors before and after restoration procedures. An interesting aspect is the implication of science for the recognition of forgeries, when analytical studies provide evidences able to prove or deny objects' authenticity.